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VLF Radio Stations
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A variety of high-power VLF stations exist around the world. Most of these stations transmit low baud rate encrypted information, over long distances, for military maritime purposes.
Signals from these stations are used opportunistically for scientific research. Sudden changes in received signal strength can indicate ionospheric disturbances caused, for example, by solar activity.
VLF signals are able to propagate over very long distances due to the wave-guide effect created by reflections off the Earth's land and oceans (at the bottom) and the Earth's ionosphere (at the top).
Stanford University maintains a list of VLF stations (including coordinates) usable for science research, from which these frequencies were obtained.
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Frequencies |
| Frequency | Bandwidth | Use | Service | Table |
| 10.6 kHz | 0.25 kHz | 3SB/3SA, Datonge (China) | Maritime Mobile | - |
| 14.6 kHz | 0.25 kHz | UVA, Batumi (Russia), 100 kW input | Maritime Mobile | - |
| 15 kHz | 0.25 kHz | UIK, Vladivostok (Russia), 100 kW input | Maritime Mobile | - |
| 16.4 kHz | 0.25 kHz | JXN, Kolsas (Norway), 45 kW | Maritime Mobile | - |
| 16.8 kHz | 0.25 kHz | FTA, St. Assie (France), 23 kW | Maritime Mobile | - |
| 18.1 kHz | 0.25 kHz | UFQE, Matotchkinchar (Russia), 100 kW input | Maritime Mobile | - |
| 18.2 kHz | 0.25 kHz | VTX3, Katabomman (India) | Maritime Mobile | - |
| 19.6 kHz | 0.25 kHz | GBZ, Anthorn (UK), 500 kW | Maritime Mobile | - |
| 19.7 kHz | 0.25 kHz | UGE, Arkhanghelsk (Russia), 150 kW input | Maritime Mobile | - |
| 19.8 kHz | 0.25 kHz | NWC, Harold E. Holt, Nort West Cape (Australia), 1000 kW | Maritime Mobile | - |
| 20 kHz | 0.25 kHz | VLF, South Pole | Maritime Mobile | - |
| 20.27 kHz | 0.25 kHz | ICV, Tavolara (Italy), 43 kW | Maritime Mobile | - |
| 20.6 kHz | 0.25 kHz | 3SA/3SB, Changde (China) | Maritime Mobile | - |
| 20.9 kHz | 0.25 kHz | HWU, Rosnay (France), 400 kW | Maritime Mobile | - |
| 21.1 kHz | 0.25 kHz | Possible new transmitter in western China | Maritime Mobile | - |
| 21.37 kHz | 0.25 kHz | GYA, London (UK), 120 kW | Maritime Mobile | - |
| 21.4 kHz | 0.25 kHz | NPM, Lualualei, HI (USA), 566 kW | Maritime Mobile | F |
| 21.75 kHz | 0.25 kHz | HWV, NATO, LeBlanc (France) | Maritime Mobile | - |
| 22.1 kHz | 0.25 kHz | GQD, NATO, Anthorn (UK), 500 kW | Maritime Mobile | - |
| 22.2 kHz | 0.25 kHz | JJI, Ebino (Japan) | Maritime Mobile | - |
| 23.4 kHz | 0.25 kHz | DHO, Rhauderfehn (Germany), 500 kW | Maritime Mobile | - |
| 24 kHz | 0.25 kHz | NAA, Cutler, ME (USA), 1000 kW | Maritime Mobile | F |
| 24.1 kHz | 0.25 kHz | Possible new transmitter in eastern China | Maritime Mobile | - |
| 24.8 kHz | 0.25 kHz | NLK, Jim Creek, WA (USA), 250 kW | Maritime Mobile | F |
| 25.2 kHz | 0.25 kHz | NML/NLM?, LaMoure, ND (USA), 500 kW | Maritime Mobile | F |
| 26.7 kHz | 0.25 kHz | TBB, Bafa (Turkey) | Maritime Mobile | - |
| 30.3 kHz | 0.25 kHz | UGKZ, Kaliningrad (Russia), 100 kW input | Maritime Mobile | - |
| 37.5 kHz | 0.25 kHz | TFK, Keflavic (Iceland) | Maritime Mobile | - |
| 37.5 kHz | 0.25 kHz | NRK, U.S. Navy, Keflavik (Iceland), 100 kW | Maritime Mobile | - |
| 40.75 kHz | 0.25 kHz | NAU, Aquada, PR (USA), 100 kW | Maritime Mobile | F |
| 45.9 kHz | 0.25 kHz | NSC, Sicily (Italy) | Maritime Mobile | - |
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