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Allocations

Intro to Allocations

U.S. Non-Federal-Government Allocations

14.47 - 14.5 GHz
FIXED-SATELLITE (Earth-to-space) NG527A
Mobile-satellite (Earth-to-space)

US113 US133 US342

FCC Rule Parts:
Satellite Communications (25)

U.S. Federal Government Allocations

14.47 - 14.5 GHz
Fixed
Mobile

US113 US133 US342

ITU Region 1 Allocations

14.47 - 14.5 GHz
FIXED
FIXED-SATELLITE (Earth-to-space) 5.457A 5.457B 5.484A 5.506 5.506B
MOBILE except aeronautical mobile
Mobile-satellite (Earth-to-space) 5.504B 5.506A 5.509A
Radio astronomy

5.149 5.504A

ITU Region 2 Allocations

14.47 - 14.5 GHz
FIXED
FIXED-SATELLITE (Earth-to-space) 5.457A 5.457B 5.484A 5.506 5.506B
MOBILE except aeronautical mobile
Mobile-satellite (Earth-to-space) 5.504B 5.506A 5.509A
Radio astronomy

5.149 5.504A

ITU Region 3 Allocations

14.47 - 14.5 GHz
FIXED
FIXED-SATELLITE (Earth-to-space) 5.457A 5.457B 5.484A 5.506 5.506B
MOBILE except aeronautical mobile
Mobile-satellite (Earth-to-space) 5.504B 5.506A 5.509A
Radio astronomy

5.149 5.504A

SpectrumWiki

Proposed Air-Ground Broadband for Passengers Aboard Aircraft

Radio Astronomy Formaldehyde (H2CO) Observations

Possible new FSS allocations, 2015 World Radiocommunication Conference (WRC-15) Agenda Item 1.6

SkyBridge

Footnotes

5.149 In making assignments to stations of other services to which the bands:
13 360-13 410 kHz,
25 550-25 670 kHz,
37.5-38.25 MHz,
73-74.6 MHz in Regions 1 and 3,
150.05-153 MHz in Region 1,
322-328.6 MHz,
406.1-410 MHz,
608-614 MHz in Regions 1 and 3,
1 330-1 400 MHz,
1 610.6-1 613.8 MHz,
1 660-1 670 MHz,
1 718.8-1 722.2 MHz,
2 655-2 690 MHz,
3 260-3 267 MHz,
3 332-3 339 MHz,
3 345.8-3 352.5 MHz,
4 825-4 835 MHz, 4 950-4 990 MHz,
4 990-5 000 MHz,
6 650-6 675.2 MHz,
10.6-10.68 GHz,
14.47-14.5 GHz,
22.01-22.21 GHz,
22.21-22.5 GHz,
22.81-22.86 GHz,
23.07-23.12 GHz,
31.2-31.3 GHz,
31.5-31.8 GHz in Regions 1 and 3,
36.43-36.5 GHz,
42.5-43.5 GHz,
48.94-49.04 GHz,
76-86 GHz,
92-94 GHz,
94.1-100 GHz, 102-109.5 GHz,
111.8-114.25 GHz,
128.33-128.59 GHz,
129.23-129.49 GHz,
130-134 GHz,
136-148.5 GHz,
151.5-158.5 GHz,
168.59-168.93 GHz,
171.11-171.45 GHz,
172.31-172.65 GHz,
173.52-173.85 GHz,
195.75-196.15 GHz,
209-226 GHz,
241-250 GHz,
252-275 GHz
are allocated, administrations are urged to take all practicable steps to protect the radio astronomy service from harmful interference. Emissions from spaceborne or airborne stations can be particularly serious sources of interference to the radio astronomy service (see Nos. 4.5 and 4.6 and Article 29). (WRC 07)

5.457A In the frequency bands 5 925-6 425 MHz and 14-14.5 GHz, earth stations located on board vessels may communicate with space stations of the fixed-satellite service. Such use shall be in accordance with Resolution 902 (WRC 03). In the frequency band 5 925-6 425 MHz, earth stations located on board vessels and communicating with space stations of the fixed-satellite service may employ transmit antennas with minimum diameter of 1.2 m and operate without prior agreement of any administration if located at least 330 km away from the low-water mark as officially recognized by the coastal State. All other provisions of Resolution 902 (WRC-03) shall apply. (WRC-15)

5.457B In the frequency bands 5 925-6 425 MHz and 14-14.5 GHz, earth stations located on board vessels may operate with the characteristics and under the conditions contained in Resolution 902 (WRC 03) in Algeria, Saudi Arabia, Bahrain, Comoros, Djibouti, Egypt, United Arab Emirates, Jordan, Kuwait, Libya, Morocco, Mauritania, Oman, Qatar, the Syrian Arab Republic, Sudan, Tunisia and Yemen, in the maritime mobile-satellite service on a secondary basis. Such use shall be in accordance with Resolution 902 (WRC 03). (WRC 15)

5.484A The use of the bands 10.95-11.2 GHz (space-to-Earth), 11.45-11.7 GHz (space-to-Earth), 11.7-12.2 GHz (space-to-Earth) in Region 2, 12.2-12.75 GHz (space-to-Earth) in Region 3, 12.5-12.75 GHz (space-to-Earth) in Region 1, 13.75-14.5 GHz (Earth-to-space), 17.8-18.6 GHz (space-to-Earth), 19.7-20.2 GHz (space-to-Earth), 27.5-28.6 GHz (Earth-to-space), 29.5-30 GHz (Earth-to-space) by a non-geostationary-satellite system in the fixed-satellite service is subject to application of the provisions of No. 9.12 for coordination with other non-geostationary-satellite systems in the fixed-satellite service. Non-geostationary-satellite systems in the fixed-satellite service shall not claim protection from geostationary-satellite networks in the fixed-satellite service operating in accordance with the Radio Regulations, irrespective of the dates of receipt by the Bureau of the complete coordination or notification information, as appropriate, for the non-geostationary-satellite systems in the fixed-satellite service and of the complete coordination or notification information, as appropriate, for the geostationary-satellite networks, and No. 5.43A does not apply. Non-geostationary-satellite systems in the fixed-satellite service in the above bands shall be operated in such a way that any unacceptable interference that may occur during their operation shall be rapidly eliminated. (WRC 2000)

5.504A In the band 14-14.5 GHz, aircraft earth stations in the secondary aeronautical mobile-satellite service may also communicate with space stations in the fixed-satellite service. The provisions of Nos. 5.29, 5.30 and 5.31 apply. (WRC-03)

5.504B Aircraft earth stations operating in the aeronautical mobile-satellite service in the frequency band 14 14.5 GHz shall comply with the provisions of Annex 1, Part C of Recommendation ITU R M.1643 0, with respect to any radio astronomy station performing observations in the 14.47-14.5 GHz frequency band located on the territory of Spain, France, India, Italy, the United Kingdom and South Africa. (WRC 15)

5.506 The band 14-14.5 GHz may be used, within the fixed-satellite service (Earth-to-space), for feeder links for the broadcasting-satellite service, subject to coordination with other networks in the fixed-satellite service. Such use of feeder links is reserved for countries outside Europe.

5.506A In the band 14-14.5 GHz, ship earth stations with an e.i.r.p. greater than 21 dBW shall operate under the same conditions as earth stations located on board vessels, as provided in Resolution 902 (WRC 03). This footnote shall not apply to ship earth stations for which the complete Appendix 4 information has been received by the Bureau prior to 5 July 2003. (WRC-03)

5.506B Earth stations located on board vessels communicating with space stations in the fixed-satellite service may operate in the frequency band 14-14.5 GHz without the need for prior agreement from Cyprus and Malta, within the minimum distance given in Resolution 902 (WRC 03) from these countries. (WRC-15)

5.509A In the frequency band 14.3-14.5 GHz, the power flux-density produced on the territory of the countries of Saudi Arabia, Bahrain, Botswana, Cameroon, China, Côte d’Ivoire, Egypt, France, Gabon, Guinea, India, Iran (Islamic Republic of), Italy, Kuwait, Morocco, Nigeria, Oman, the Syrian Arab Republic, the United Kingdom, Sri Lanka, Tunisia and Viet Nam by any aircraft earth station in the aeronautical mobile-satellite service shall not exceed the limits given in Annex 1, Part B of Recommendation ITU R M.1643-0, unless otherwise specifically agreed by the affected administration(s). The provisions of this footnote in no way derogate the obligations of the aeronautical mobile-satellite service to operate as a secondary service in accordance with No. 5.29. (WRC 15)

US113 Radio astronomy observations of the formaldehyde line frequencies 4825-4835 MHz and 14.47-14.5 GHz may be made at certain radio astronomy observatories as indicated below:

Bands to be Observed
4 GHz	14 GHz	Observatory
X		National Astronomy and Ionosphere Center (NAIC), Arecibo, PR
X	X	National Radio Astronomy Observatory (NRAO), Green Bank, WV
X	X	NRAO, Socorro, NM
X		Allen Telescope Array (ATA), Hat Creek, CA
X	X	Owens Valley Radio Observatory (OVRO), Big Pine, CA
X	X	NRAO's ten Very Long Baseline Array (VLBA) stations (see US131)
X	X	University of Michigan Radio Astronomy Observatory, Stinchfield Woods, MI
X		Pisgah Astronomical Research Institute, Rosman, NC

Every practicable effort will be made to avoid the assignment of frequencies to stations in the fixed or mobile services in these bands. Should such assignments result in harmful interference to these observations, the situation will be remedied to the extent practicable.

US133 In the bands 14-14.2 GHz and 14.47-14.5 GHz, the following provisions shall apply to the operations of Earth Stations Aboard Aircraft (ESAA):

(a) In the band 14-14.2 GHz, ESAA licensees proposing to operate within radio line-of-sight of the coordinates specified in 47 CFR 25.228(j)(1) are subject to prior coordination with NTIA in order to minimize harmful interference to the ground terminals of NASA's Tracking and Data Relay Satellite System (TDRSS).

(b) In the band 14.47-14.5 GHz, operations within radio line-of-sight of the radio astronomy stations specified in 47 CFR 25.228(j)(3) are subject to coordination with the National Science Foundation in accordance with the requirements set forth in that rule section.

US342 In making assignments to stations of other services to which the bands:

13 360-13 410 kHz	42.77-42.87 GHz*
25 550-25 670 kHz	43.07-43.17 GHz*
37.5-38.25 MHz	43.37-43.47 GHz*
322-328.6 MHz*	48.94-49.04 GHz*
1330-1400 MHz*	76-86 GHz
1610.6-1613.8 MHz*	92-94 GHz
1660-1660.5 MHz*	94.1-100 GHz
1668.4-1670 MHz*	102-109.5 GHz
3260-3267 MHz*	111.8-114.25 GHz
3332-3339 MHz*	128.33-128.59 GHz*
3345.8-3352.5 MHz*	129.23-129.49 GHz*
4825-4835 MHz*	130-134 GHz
4950-4990 MHz	136-148.5 GHz
6650-6675.2 MHz*	151.5-158.5 GHz
14.47-14.5 GHz*	168.59-168.93 GHz*
22.01-22.21 GHz*	171.11-171.45 GHz*
22.21-22.5 GHz	172.31-172.65 GHz*
22.81-22.86 GHz*	173.52-173.85 GHz*
23.07-23.12 GHz*	195.75-196.15 GHz*
31.2-31.3 GHz	209-226 GHz
36.43-36.5 GHz*	241-250 GHz
42.5-43.5 GHz	252-275 GHz

are allocated (*indicates radio astronomy use for spectral line observations), all practicable steps shall be taken to protect the radio astronomy service from harmful interference. Emissions from spaceborne or airborne stations can be particularly serious sources of interference to the radio astronomy service (see ITU Radio Regulations at Nos. 4.5 and 4.6 and Article 29).

NG527A Earth Stations in Motion (ESIMs), as regulated under 47 CFR part 25, are an application of the fixed-satellite service (FSS) and the following provisions shall apply:

(a) In the bands 10.7-11.7 GHz, 19.3-19.4 GHz, and 19.6-19.7 GHz, ESIMs may be authorized for the reception of FSS emissions from geostationary and non-geostationary satellites, subject to the conditions that these earth stations may not claim protection from transmissions of non-Federal stations in the fixed service and that non-geostationary-satellite systems not cause unacceptable interference to, or claim protection from, geostationary-satellite networks.

(b) In the bands 11.7-12.2 GHz (space-to-Earth), 14.0-14.5 GHz (Earth-to-space), 18.3-18.8 GHz (space-to-Earth), 19.7-20.2 GHz (space-to-Earth), 28.35-28.6 GHz (Earth-to-space), and 29.25-30.0 GHz (Earth-to-space), ESIMs may be authorized to communicate with geostationary satellites on a primary basis.

(c) In the bands 11.7-12.2 GHz (space-to-Earth), 14.0-14.5 GHz (Earth-to-space), 18.3-18.6 GHz (space-to-Earth), 19.7-20.2 GHz (space-to-Earth), 28.4-28.6 GHz (Earth-to-space), and 29.5-30.0 GHz (Earth-to-space), ESIMs may be authorized to communicate with non-geostationary satellites, subject to the condition that non-geostationary-satellite systems may not cause unacceptable interference to, or claim protection from, geostationary-satellite networks.

(d) In the band 17.8-18.3 GHz, ESIMs may be authorized for the reception of FSS emissions from geostationary and non-geostationary satellites on a secondary basis, subject to the condition that non-geostationary-satellite systems not cause unacceptable interference to, or claim protection from, geostationary-satellite networks.

(e) In the bands 18.8-19.3 GHz (space to Earth), and 28.6-29.1 GHz (Earth to space), ESIMs may be authorized to communicate with geostationary and non-geostationary satellites, subject to the condition that geostationary-satellite networks may not cause unacceptable interference to, or claim protection from, non-geostationary satellite systems in the fixed-satellite service.

(f)In the band 17.3-17.8 GHz, ESIMs may be authorized for the reception of FSS emissions from geostationary satellites on an unprotected basis.

SpectrumWiki

Proposed Air-Ground Broadband for Passengers Aboard Aircraft

The FCC has proposed the establishment of a new air-ground mobile broadband service in the 14.0-14.5 GHz band. The current primary allocation is to the Fixed Satellite Service. The FCC proposes to achieve compatibility through “spatial diversity” rules, which would limit the directions in which antennas can point. Since the 14.0-14.5 GHz band is used for sending transmissions from the Earth towards satellites orbiting over the equator, U.S. earth stations all point south, more or less. Antennas in the proposed system would point north (in the case of ground stations) or downwards (in the case of the antennas on the aircraft), which should reduce their interference with satellite users.

The following information is edited from the FCC's Notice of Proposed Rulemaking,FCC 13-66:

We propose to establish a new, terrestrial-based air-ground mobile broadband service with aircraft in the 14.0-14.5 GHz band. The service would provide multi-gigabit broadband connectivity to aircraft flying within the contiguous United States. The service is intended for the business and personal use of passengers aboard aircraft, and will have no role in aeronautical operations or as a safety of life and property service.

The 14.0-14.5 GHz band is allocated on a primary basis to the FSS as an uplink (Earth-to-space) band for geostationary orbit (GSO) FSS operations. The air-ground mobile broadband service would operate on a secondary basis to GSO satellite systems and future non-geostationary orbit (NGSO) satellite systems, and on a co-secondary basis with the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) Tracking and Data Relay Satellite System (TDRSS) that operates under a Federal Fixed Service (FS) and Mobile Service (MS) allocation. In addition to coordinating with NASA TDRSS in the 14.0-14.2 GHz band, we propose that air-ground mobile broadband would also be required to coordinate with Radio Astronomy Service (RAS) users in the 14.47-14.5 GHz band, in accordance with the procedures set forth for other services in this band. To implement this service, we propose to amend Part 2 of the rules to add a secondary allocation in the non-Federal Aeronautical Mobile Service (AMS) for air-ground mobile broadband in the 14.0-14.5 GHz band.

We propose that under the rules we implement for the 14.0-14.5 GHz band to support the new allocation, we would require a licensee to use this spectrum for air-ground mobile broadband only. We also seek comment regarding the appropriate regulatory framework for the proposed provision of service. We seek comment on our proposal to classify the services as Commercial Mobile Radio Service (CMRS) given the proposed air-ground use of the spectrum. With respect to whether and how to apportion the spectrum, we seek comment on Qualcomm’s proposal to create two 250 megahertz licenses as well as on alternate approaches such as licensing the entire 500 megahertz of spectrum to a single licensee or dividing the spectrum into more than two blocks. Given the proposed air-ground use of the band, we propose to license the spectrum on a nationwide basis. We also seek comment on whether to adopt an open eligibility standard and whether to adopt any specific aggregation limits applicable to the initial licensing of the band.

To the extent that we adopt a geographic licensing scheme for the 14.0-14.5 GHz band, and permit the filing of mutually exclusive applications, we seek comment on a number of proposals relating to competitive bidding. We propose that the Commission conduct an auction in conformity with the general competitive bidding rules set forth in Part 1, Subpart Q, of the Commission’s rules, and seek comment regarding bidding credits for small businesses.

Frequency Bands
Band	Use	Service	Table
14 - 14.5 GHz	-	ARMR	N

External Links:

FCC Notice of Proposed Rulemaking

CommLawBlog posting

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Radio Astronomy Formaldehyde (H2CO) Observations

Radio astronomers observe molecular lines of formaldehyde at both 14.49 GHz and 4830 MHz. According to the European Science Foundation's Committee on Radio Astronomy Frequencies (CRAF):

At 14.4885 GHz an important formaldehyde (H2CO) line exists, which has been observed in the direction of many galactic sources. Since these lines originate from the upper levels of ortho-formaldehyde their study gives valuable information on the physical conditions of the interstellar medium, because the excitation energies required to produce such lines are different from the energies required to produce the H2CO lines observed at 4829.66 MHz.

There is no formal allocation to the radio astronomy service in these bands, but the international footnote 5.149 and the U.S. footnote US203 note that consideration should be taken to the use of 14.47-14.5 GHz and 4825-4835 MHz band segments for radio astronomy.

In the U.S., there is an increasing use of the entire 14-14.5 GHz band by vehicle-, ship-, and airplane-based Internet terminals that communicate through geostationary satellites (14-14.5 GHz is used as the uplink band). Such activities are required by the FCC to be coordinated with the radio astronomy service.

Frequency Bands
Band	Use	Service	Table
4825 - 4835 MHz	Radio astronomy observations of formaldehyde (4829.66 MHz)	Radio Astronomy	-
14.47 - 14.5 GHz	Radio astronomy observations of formaldehyde (14.4885 GHz)	Radio Astronomy	-

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Possible new FSS allocations, 2015 World Radiocommunication Conference (WRC-15) Agenda Item 1.6

1.6 to consider possible additional primary allocations:

1.6.1 to the fixed-satellite service (Earth-to-space and space-to Earth) of 250 MHz in the range between 10 GHz and 17 GHz in Region 1

1.6.2 to the fixed-satellite service (Earth-to-space) of 250 MHz in Region 2 and 300 MHz in Region 3 within the range 13-17 GHz;

and review the regulatory provisions on the current allocations to the fixed-satellite service within each range, taking into account the results of ITU-R studies, in accordance with Resolutions COM6/4 (WRC-12) and COM6/5 (WRC-12), respectively

Frequency Bands
Band	Use	Service	Table
10000 MHz - 17 GHz	Agenda Item 1.6.1 (Region 1)	Fixed-satellite	-
13 - 17 GHz	Agenda Item 1.6.2 (Regions 2 & 3)	Fixed-satellite	-

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SkyBridge

SkyBridge LLC filed in 1997 with the FCC to provide fixed-satellite service operations from a network of 80 non-GSO satellites, operating 4 satellites per plane in 20 planes, inclined 53 deg. The satellites would be in circular orbits at an altitude of 1469.3 km. The FCC granted launch and operation authority to SkyBridge in 2005 (DA 05-2037), but SkyBridge was never launched.

In 2014, a company registered/operating under the names L5 and WorldVu, based in the Channel Islands, acquired SkyBridge's Ku-band spectrum rights at the ITU. According to a May 30, 2014, Space News article, WorldVu would consist of 360 small satellites operating at between 800 and 950 km altitude at an inclination of 88.2 deg (near polar orbit). Space News quotes the filing as indicating the satellite system would come into use in 2019 or 2020.

WorldVu is now known as OneWeb.

Frequency Bands
Band	Use	Service	Table
10.7 - 12.7 GHz	SkyBridge downlink	Fixed-satellite	-
12.7 - 12.75 GHz	SkyBridge downlink (outside Western Hemisphere)	Fixed-satellite	-
12.75 - 13.25 GHz	SkyBridge uplink	Fixed-satellite	-
13.75 - 14.5 GHz	SkyBridge uplink	Fixed-satellite	-
17.3 - 18.1 GHz	SkyBridge uplink (outside U.S.; non-harmful interference basis)	Fixed-satellite	-

External Links:

OneWeb information via Skybrokers

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Related Documents, Links, and Multimedia:

FCC Proceeding (1)

FCC Earth Stations Aboard Aircraft (ESAA) Order and NPRM

Summary of FCC 12-161:

This Report and Order implements ESAA as an application of the FSS. The FSS involves communication between satellites in orbit and earth stations in fixed locations. Advancing technology, however, has made it possible for mobile platforms to maintain antenna pointing accuracy sufficient to keep an earth station antenna focused on a satellite while maintaining communications and preventing interference with adjacent satellites. There are currently two mobile applications in the FSS: Earth Stations on board Vessels (ESV) and Vehicle-Mounted Earth Stations (VMES), which provide satellite communications with vessels and land vehicles respectively. ESAA is the “third leg” of mobile applications in the FSS. By means of satellite antennas mounted on the exterior of aircraft, satellites will be able to communicate with mobile devices used by passengers and crew of those aircraft. The satellite antenna will carry the signal to and from the aircraft, and mobile technologies such as Wi-Fi will provide communications within the aircraft’s hull.

Since 2001, we have authorized, on an ad hoc basis, the use of GSO FSS space stations to provide wireless connectivity to airborne aircraft. These authorizations allow the provision of broadband services to passengers on a non-harmful interference basis, and several airlines are operating under the terms of those authorizations.

This Report and Order formalizes ESAA as a licensed application in the FSS by:

- Allocating ESAA on a primary basis in the 11.7-12.2 GHz (space-to-Earth) band,

- Allocating ESAA on an unprotected basis in the 10.95-11.2 GHz and 11.45-11.7 GHz (space-to-Earth) bands,

- Allocating ESAA on a secondary basis in the 14.0-14.5 GHz band (Earth-to-space),

- Requiring ESAA licensees to coordinate their operations with stations in the Space Research Service and the Radioastronomy Service to prevent interference,

- Adopting technical rules for the operation of ESAA systems to ensure that ESAA systems do not interfere with other FSS users or terrestrial Fixed Service (FS) users,

- Adopting licensing requirements and operational requirements for ESAA for both U.S.-registered aircraft and for non-U.S.-registered aircraft operating in U.S. airspace,

- Requiring ESAA licensees to operate consistently with the Communications Assistance to Law Enforcement Act (CALEA), and

- Declining at this time to extend certain requirements concerning 1.5/1.6 GHz safety services to other frequency bands, including those used by ESAA.

This Notice of Proposed Rulemaking requests comment on a proposal to elevate the
allocation status of ESAA in the 14.0-14.5 GHz band from secondary to primary, which would make the ESAA allocation equal to the allocations of ESV and VMES. This Notice of Proposed Rulemaking and Report and Order implements ESAA as an application whose allocation status and technical and licensing rules are consistent with those of ESV and VMES. ESAA will allow licensees to bring broadband service to an underserved sector: passengers and crew aboard aircraft in flight.

Frequencies/Bands

10.95 - 11.2 GHz

11.45 - 12.2 GHz

14 - 14.5 GHz

Document type and status: FCC proceeding (Current)
Document date or date of hyperlink query: January 28, 2013
Fcc Docket(s): IB Docket No. 12-376, IB Docket No. 05-20

FCC Earth Stations Aboard Aircraft (ESAA) Order and NPRM

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Engineering Data

	Lower Frequency	Center Frequency	Upper Frequency
Frequency	14.47 GHz	14.485 GHz	14.5 GHz
Wavelength	2.1 cm	2.1 cm	2.1 cm
Band designator(s)	SHF; Ku-band (IEEE)	SHF; Ku-band (IEEE)	SHF; Ku-band (IEEE)
Isotropic collecting area	0.3 cm²	0.3 cm²	0.3 cm²
Free space loss (1 m)	55.7 dB	55.7 dB	55.7 dB
Free space loss (1 km)	115.7 dB	115.7 dB	115.7 dB
Free space loss (10 km)	135.7 dB	135.7 dB	135.7 dB
Free space loss (100 km)	155.7 dB	155.7 dB	155.7 dB
Free space loss (1000 km)	175.7 dB	175.7 dB	175.7 dB
Free space loss (35,786 km = GEO orbit)	206.7 dB	206.7 dB	206.8 dB
Free space loss (378,370 km = Moon)	227.2 dB	227.2 dB	227.2 dB