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Television Broadcast
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Over-the-air television broadcasting in the United States uses the following spectrum. Each TV channel is 6 MHz wide. Digital broadcasting is by the ATSC standard. Some Low Power Television (LPTV), TV translators, and Class A television stations continue to broadcast in analog mode using the NTSC standard, but are mandated to transition to digital by September 1, 2015; however, the FCC has proposed extending this deadline in document FCC 14-151 (available under the related documents section).
VHF TV |
54-72 MHz: | Channels 2-4 |
76-88 MHz: | Channels 5-6 |
174-216 MHz: | Channels 7-13 |
UHF TV |
470-512 MHz: | Channels 14-20 (may be used for land mobile in major cities; see below) |
512-608 MHz: | Channels 21-36 |
608-614 MHz: | Channel 37 (not used for TV broadcasting) |
614-698 MHz: | Channels 38-51 |
Portions of channels 14-20 (470-512 MHz) are used by the Private Land Mobile Radio Service (PLMRS) in the following metropolitan areas:
Boston MA | channels 14 & 16 |
Chicago IL | channels 14 & 15 |
Dallas/Ft. Worth TX | channel 16 |
Houston TX | channel 17 |
Los Angeles CA | channels 14, 16 & 20 |
Miami FL | channel 14 |
New York NY/NE New Jersey | channels 14-16 |
Philadelphia PA | channels 19 & 20 |
Pittsburgh PA | channels 14 & 18 |
San Francisco-Oakland CA | channels 16 & 17 |
Washington DC | channels 17 & 18 |
PLMRS service is allowed by the FCC's rules in Cleveland OH (14 & 15) and Detroit MI (15 & 16), but interference issues with Canada prevent PLMRS from being deployed there.
A useful characteristic of digital (ATSC) signals is the addition of a narrowband pilot tone on the RF carrier. The pilot tone is at a nominal frequency of 309.440559441 kHz above the bottom edge of the channel, although the FCC may require small frequency offsets on a station-by-station basis to avoid interference between pilot tones of co-channel TV stations. Ancillary uses of the pilot tones include, for example, monitoring for sudden enhanced propagation events, such as meteor burst or sporadic E.
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Channelized Bands |
Band | Channel | Use | Service | Table |
54 - 60 MHz | 2 | Broadcast Television (VHF) | Broadcasting | N |
60 - 66 MHz | 3 | Broadcast Television (VHF) | Broadcasting | N |
66 - 72 MHz | 4 | Broadcast Television (VHF) | Broadcasting | N |
76 - 82 MHz | 5 | Broadcast Television (VHF) | Broadcasting | N |
82 - 88 MHz | 6 | Broadcast Television (VHF) | Broadcasting | N |
174 - 180 MHz | 7 | Broadcast Television (VHF) | Broadcasting | N |
180 - 186 MHz | 8 | Broadcast Television (VHF) | Broadcasting | N |
186 - 192 MHz | 9 | Broadcast Television (VHF) | Broadcasting | N |
192 - 198 MHz | 10 | Broadcast Television (VHF) | Broadcasting | N |
198 - 204 MHz | 11 | Broadcast Television (VHF) | Broadcasting | N |
204 - 210 MHz | 12 | Broadcast Television (VHF) | Broadcasting | N |
210 - 216 MHz | 13 | Broadcast Television (VHF) | Broadcasting | N |
470 - 476 MHz | 14 | Broadcast Television (UHF) (may be used for land mobile in major metro areas) | Broadcasting | N |
476 - 482 MHz | 15 | Broadcast Television (UHF) (may be used for land mobile in major metro areas) | Broadcasting | N |
482 - 488 MHz | 16 | Broadcast Television (UHF) (may be used for land mobile in major metro areas) | Broadcasting | N |
488 - 494 MHz | 17 | Broadcast Television (UHF) (may be used for land mobile in major metro areas) | Broadcasting | N |
494 - 500 MHz | 18 | Broadcast Television (UHF) (may be used for land mobile in major metro areas) | Broadcasting | N |
500 - 506 MHz | 19 | Broadcast Television (UHF) (may be used for land mobile in major metro areas) | Broadcasting | N |
506 - 512 MHz | 20 | Broadcast Television (UHF) (may be used for land mobile in major metro areas) | Broadcasting | N |
512 - 518 MHz | 21 | Broadcast Television (UHF) | Broadcasting | N |
518 - 524 MHz | 22 | Broadcast Television (UHF) | Broadcasting | N |
524 - 530 MHz | 23 | Broadcast Television (UHF) | Broadcasting | N |
530 - 536 MHz | 24 | Broadcast Television (UHF) | Broadcasting | N |
536 - 542 MHz | 25 | Broadcast Television (UHF) | Broadcasting | N |
542 - 548 MHz | 26 | Broadcast Television (UHF) | Broadcasting | N |
548 - 554 MHz | 27 | Broadcast Television (UHF) | Broadcasting | N |
554 - 560 MHz | 28 | Broadcast Television (UHF) | Broadcasting | N |
560 - 566 MHz | 29 | Broadcast Television (UHF) | Broadcasting | N |
566 - 572 MHz | 30 | Broadcast Television (UHF) | Broadcasting | N |
572 - 578 MHz | 31 | Broadcast Television (UHF) | Broadcasting | N |
578 - 584 MHz | 32 | Broadcast Television (UHF) | Broadcasting | N |
584 - 590 MHz | 33 | Broadcast Television (UHF) | Broadcasting | N |
590 - 596 MHz | 34 | Broadcast Television (UHF) | Broadcasting | N |
596 - 602 MHz | 35 | Broadcast Television (UHF) | Broadcasting | N |
602 - 608 MHz | 36 | Broadcast Television (UHF) | Broadcasting | N |
614 - 620 MHz | 38 | Broadcast Television (UHF) | Broadcasting | N |
620 - 626 MHz | 39 | Broadcast Television (UHF) | Broadcasting | N |
626 - 632 MHz | 40 | Broadcast Television (UHF) | Broadcasting | N |
632 - 638 MHz | 41 | Broadcast Television (UHF) | Broadcasting | N |
638 - 644 MHz | 42 | Broadcast Television (UHF) | Broadcasting | N |
644 - 650 MHz | 43 | Broadcast Television (UHF) | Broadcasting | N |
650 - 656 MHz | 44 | Broadcast Television (UHF) | Broadcasting | N |
656 - 662 MHz | 45 | Broadcast Television (UHF) | Broadcasting | N |
662 - 668 MHz | 46 | Broadcast Television (UHF) | Broadcasting | N |
668 - 674 MHz | 47 | Broadcast Television (UHF) | Broadcasting | N |
674 - 680 MHz | 48 | Broadcast Television (UHF) | Broadcasting | N |
680 - 686 MHz | 49 | Broadcast Television (UHF) | Broadcasting | N |
686 - 692 MHz | 50 | Broadcast Television (UHF) | Broadcasting | N |
692 - 698 MHz | 51 | Broadcast Television (UHF) | Broadcasting | N |
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Amateur Radio (1.25 m Band)
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According to the ITU, "where allocated, this band serves as an alternative to the 144 MHz band for short-range communications."
In the U.S., the ARRL has adopted the following band plan. This plan may apply in other countries as well:
Frequency (MHz): Use
222.0-222.15: Weak-signal modes
222-222.025: Earth-Moon-Earth communications
222.05-222.06: Propagation beacons
222.1: SSB & CW calling frequency
222.1-222.15: Weak-signal CW & SSB
222.15-222.25: Local coordinator's option; weak signal, ACSB, repeater inputs, control
222.25-223.38: FM repeater inputs only
223.4-223.52: FM simplex
223.52-223.64: Digital, packet
223.64-223.7: Links, control
223.71-223.85: Local coordinator's option, FM simplex, packet, repeater outputs
223.85-224.98: Repeater outputs only
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Frequency Bands |
Band | Use | Service | Table |
222 - 225 MHz | Amateur radio 1.25 m band | AM | N |
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Low Power Radio Service (LPRS)
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According to the FCC:
The Low Power Radio Service (LPRS) is in the 216.0 – 217.0 MHz range. The most common use of LPRS spectrum is short-distance, one-way communications for health care, educational, and law enforcement industries.
Similar services include Part 15 unlicensed devices.
Background
The Low Power Radio Service (LPRS) dates back to 1996 when the FCC redesignated the 216.0-217.0 MHz band from Automated Maritime Telecommunications System (AMTS) use to LPRS.
Licensing
The Low Power Radio Service (LPRS) is licensed by rule, except when an LPRS device is used for AMTS point-to-point network control communications. If an LPRS device is used for AMTS purposes, an AMTS license is required. Licensed by rule means an individual license is not required to operate an LPRS device. You can operate an LPRS device regardless of your age so long as you are not a representative of a foreign government.
The FCC service rules for the Low Power Radio Service (LPRS) are located in 47 C.F.R. Part 95.
Channels
There are 260 Low Power Radio Service (LPRS) channels. LPRS channels can have a bandwidth of 25, 50, or 5 kHz.
When the band is divided into 25 kHz channels, the channels are identified as channels 1-40.
When the band is divided into 50 kHz channels, the channels are identified as channels 41-60.
When the band is divided into 5 kHz channels, the channels are identified as channels 61-260.
Channels 19, 20, 50, and 151-160 are reserved for law enforcement tracking.
Low power AMTS point-to-point network control communications are permitted in the 216.75-217.0 MHz band.
Examples of Low Power Radio Service (LPRS) Uses
1) Auditory assistance communications (including, but not limited to, applications such as assistive listening devices, audio description for the blind, and simultaneous language translation) for persons who:
-Have physical or mental impairment that substantially limits one or more of the major life activities of such individuals;
-Require language translation; or
-May otherwise benefit from auditory assistance communications in educational settings.
2) Health care related communications for the ill.
3) Law enforcement tracking signals (for homing or interrogation) including the tracking of persons or stolen goods under authority or agreement with a law enforcement agency (federal, state, or local) having jurisdiction in the area where the transmitters are placed.
4) AMTS point-to-point network control communications.
Operating a Low Power Radio Service (LPRS) Device
You can operate a Low Power Radio Service (LPRS) device in any place where the FCC regulates radio communications. An LPRS device must be certified by the FCC. A certified LPRS device has an identifying label placed on it by the manufacturer.
None of the LPRS channels are assigned for the exclusive use of any entity. You must cooperate in the selection and use of the channels in order to make the most efficient use of them and to reduce the possibility of interference.
Operating an LPRS device is subject to the condition that no harmful interference is caused to:
-The United States Navy’s SPASUR radio system (the system operates on 216.88 – 217.08 MHz);
-TV reception within the Grade B contour of any TV channel 13 station, or within the 68 dBu predicted contour of any low power TV or TV translator station operating on channel 13.
LPRS transmitters are limited to 100 mW transmit power.
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Frequency Bands |
Band | Use | Service | Table |
216 - 217 MHz | Low Power Radio Service (LPRS) | Mobile | N |
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Automated Maritime Telecommunications System (AMTS)
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According to the FCC:
"Automated Maritime Telecommunications System (AMTS) stations are a special type of public coast station. The AMTS service was established in 1981 as an alternative to traditional VHF public coast service, primarily to meet the specialized needs of tugs, barges, and other commercial vessels on inland waterways. AMTS stations, which use 217/219 MHz frequencies, were intended primarily to provide public correspondence service to such vessels, but in an integrated manner not readily available from individual VHF public coast stations. AMTS public coast stations also may provide private radio service under certain circumstances, and have limited authority to provide service to units on land. An AMTS licensee may lease all or part of the spectrum usage rights associated with the license."
AMTS stations are located close in frequency to TV channel 13 (210-216 MHz) and channel 10 (192-198 MHz). According to the FCC:
"Section 80.475(a) of the Commission’s Rules requires an applicant proposing to locate an AMTS station within 169 kilometers (105 miles) of a Channel 13 television station, or within 129 kilometers (80 miles) of a Channel 10 television station, to submit "an engineering study clearly showing the means of avoiding interference with television reception within the Grade B contour.” If there are at least one hundred residences within both the proposed AMTS station’s predicted interference contour and the television station’s Grade B contour, the AMTS applicant must also (1) show that its proposed site is the only suitable location, (2) develop a plan to control any interference its operations cause within the Grade B contour, and (3) agree to make any necessary adjustments to affected television receivers to eliminate such interference. Any AMTS licensee that, despite these precautions, causes interference to television reception within the Grade B contour must cure the problem within 90 days of the time it is notified in writing by the Commission or discontinue operation of the station."
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Paired Frequency Bands |
Paired Bands | Use | Service | Table |
217 - 217.5 MHz | AMTS B Block Coast Transmit | Mobile | N |
219 - 219.5 MHz | AMTS B Block Ship Transmit | Mobile | N |
217.5 - 218 MHz | AMTS A Block Coast Transmit | Mobile | N |
219.5 - 220 MHz | AMTS A Block Ship Transmit | Mobile | N |
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Positive Train Control
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According to the Federal Railroad Administration:
"In 2008, Congress required Class I Railroad mainlines handling poisonous-inhalation-hazard materials and any railroad main lines with regularly scheduled intercity and commuter rail passenger service to fully implement Positive Train Control by December 31, 2015. PTC uses communication-based/processor-based train control technology that provides a system capable of reliably and functionally preventing train-to-train collisions, overspeed derailments, incursions into established work zone limits, and the movement of a train through a main line switch in the wrong position.
"In late 2015, Congress extended the deadline by at least three years to December 31, 2018, with the possibility for two additional years if certain requirements are met. The new legislation, the PTC Enforcement and Implementation Act, required that railroads submit a revised PTC Implementation Plan (PTCIP) by January 26, 2016, outlining when and how the railroad would have a system fully installed and activated."
There are no formally-adopted standard frequency bands or designated frequencies for PTC, although frequencies in the ~220 MHz range are becoming the de facto standard. PTC may make use of channels belonging to various services spanning the 217-222 MHz range, including frequencies allotted for the 218-219 MHz Service (formerly the Interactive Video and Data Service (IVDS)) and the Automated Maritime Telecommunications System (AMTS). In fact, the challenge of obtaining sufficient spectrum is one of the reasons cited for delayed implementation of PTC.
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Frequency Bands |
Band | Use | Service | Table |
217 - 222 MHz | Positive Train Control (PTC) | - | N |
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